Scientific Reference
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)
Evidence profile: Predominantly preclinical
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide with potent anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective properties. Acting through VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, VIP regulates immune function, vascular tone, circadian rhythms, and neurological activity. VIP has been extensively studied in inflammatory, pulmonary, and neurological conditions. Intranasal delivery enables direct CNS access via olfactory and trigeminal pathways, while systemic administration influences immune and vascular systems. It is particularly notable in research involving chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS), respiratory dysfunction, and neuroimmune regulation.
Mechanism of Action
VIP binds to VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, activating adenylate cyclase and increasing intracellular cAMP. This leads to downstream activation of protein kinase A (PKA), resulting in suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, modulation of T-cell differentiation, and regulation of immune homeostasis. In the CNS, VIP influences circadian rhythm and neuroprotection via hypothalamic and limbic system signaling. C-terminal amidation enhances peptide stability.
Molecular Information
- Type: Neuropeptide (vasoactive intestinal peptide)
- Length: 28 amino acids
- Molecular weight: 3326.8 g/mol
- Molecular formula: C147H237N43O43S